Morphological instances of veri in old ( Daco-) Romanian

In old Romanian, veri < lat. velis has various morphological values—predicative verb (veri is, etymologically, the 2nd person singular of the verb a vrea ‘to want’), future auxiliary (veri face ‘you will do’), conjunction or part of a disjunctive conjunction (veri ... veri ‘either ... or’), concessive conjunction (să veri că ‘although’), component of indefinite pronouns (vericine ‘whoever’, vericit ‘no matter how much’, etc.). The formal evolution from the predicative value is the result of a grammaticalization process identified both in Romanian (where it continues a process started in Late Latin) and in other languages, genealogically unrelated, from which Albanian is suggestive for comparison. The purpose of this article is to make an inventory of the formal-functional occurrences of veri, widely attested in old Romanian.


Preliminaries
Veri belongs to the paradigm of the verb a vrea 'to want ' (voi(u), veri/vei, va, vrem(i)/văm(u)/vom (u), vreți/veți, vor(u)), a verb 1 that initially had a unique present indicative paradigm, both as a predicative verb and as an auxiliary.This form comes from Late Latinvelis, the second person subjunctive, that replaces the Classical Latin vis.Veri represents the most archaic form of the evolution of Lat.velis in Romanian.Afterwards, the phonetic evolution of veri takes two different paths, according to the direction of grammaticalization: veri becomes vei (used in present-day Romanian), which occurs as an auxiliary, whereas, as an indefinite marker, veri-evolves into ori-.The different outcomes indicate different grammaticalization processes, which started in Latin (Ernout & Meillet, 1959, s.v. quis) and were also encountered in Balkan languages (Sandfeld, 1930), as the result of wider typological tendency (Haspelmath, 1997).It must be underlined that, from the earliest Romanian texts, both the archaic veri and the subsequent vei and ori-co-occur, the ratio between the forms varying according to the historical moment the text was issued, the geographical area the text belongs to, and to the stylistic type of text.
Further on, we will depict the occurences of the archaic form veri, without discussing the later outcomes vei and ori-.

Predicative verb
Predicative veri is the archaic second person singular from the paradigm of the verb a vrea 'to want' and is attested from the earliest texts.It can occur in independent interrogative contexts (1a), in negative contexts (1b), in main clauses (1c), in different types of subordinates, mainly conditionals (1d-g), but other types as well (1h-i): ˚Email address: andreea.dinica@gmail.com. 1 From the paradigm of a vrea 'want' , the 3 rd person singular va also occurs in various morphological variants (see Zamfir & Dinică, 2009).

Auxiliary
In old Romanian, the present indicative forms of the paradigm a vrea were used both as a predicative verb as well as an auxiliary.Veri occurs as a future auxiliary (3), in anteposition (3a,b) or in postposition (3c-e) to the lexical verb, and participates to the future periphrasis of the type voi + subjunctive (4a-c): (3) a.The value of veri in the examples under (4) is ambiguous.Due to the strong volitive meaning, it is difficult to establish if it is the predicative verb in one of the hypostases within the process of grammaticalization or it is an already grammaticalized form.The first hypothesis is more acceptable if we admit that the future structure o să fac is based on the type voi + subjunctive (Zamfir, 2007, p. 225).
Regarding the lifetime of both predicative and auxiliary veri and their regional distribution, Zamfir (2005, p. 61-65) distinguishes in the first half of the 17 th century, based on a thorough statistical analysis, two distinct dialectal areas-the etymological veri was still used in Moldavia, while in south-west Transylvania vei was already general.For the second half of the 17 th century, the use of veri is dramatically reduced in all the regions

Connective
As a connective, veri occurs as a disjunctive conjunction ( §2.3.1) in correlative structures, or as an element within the structure of a concessive connector ( §2.3.2).

Disjunctive connective
The inventory of disjunctive connectives in correlative structures in old Daco-Romanian is richer than in the present-day language.Besides the structures that contain connectives encountered in contemporary Romanian (sau ... sau, fie ... fie, ori ... ori), within the whole period there can be found other connectives as well, with different frequency rates, but identical distribution: au ... au, oare ... oare, vare ... vare, veri ... veri, săva(i) ... săva(i) 'either ... or' (Densusianu, 1997, p. 620-621;Frâncu, 2009, p. 148;Croitor, 2016, p. 449-450) The structures containing disjunctive correlatives usually occur in law codices, mainly in syntactic patterns that imply the naming of a generic type and then enumeration of the set of possibilities: (5) acela se va certa ... de-ar fi orice feliu that shall aux.fut.3sgpunish.infif=would be any kind de om, ver fie mirean, veri călugăr, of man either be.subjlayman or monk ver fiece om în clirosul besearecii (Prav.1652,139) or any man in staff.defchurch.def.gen'that one will be punished ... be him any kind of man, either layman, or monk, or any kind of man in the staff of the church' A specific feature of these patterns with correlative disjunction in old Daco-Romanian is the variation of the connective within the same sentence: (6) a. să strîngă pă toți rumânii de la sat .The variation of the connectives occurs frequently within the same text, so that a preference for a certain connective cannot be identified without a rigorous statistics.
An asymmetrical syntactic pattern including veri contains, as first element, a propositional structure (7a-f ), with the verb in a mood or tense that is marked as irrealis, possible, the main features of disjunction in natural languages (Zafiu, 2012): subjunctive (7a-c), conditional (7d), future (7e,f ), followed by a set of alternatives lexicalized as elliptical structures, that retains only the information level relevant elements [the subject predicative complement in (7a,b,c,e,f ), adjectival modifiers in (7d)]: ( The subjunctive fie 'be' in (7a,b), which displays verbal value in these contexs, proved by the patterns (7bd), gradually develops as the main disjunctive connective, while veri fades away.
Within the symmetric disjunctive correlative pattern, veri can occur with different syntactic phrases: noun phrases (8a), adjectival phrases (8b,c), prepositional phrases (8d-g), adverbial phrases (8h), or sentence structures ( 8i them 'whoever will dare to take anything for his need, any vessel from the church, either kerchief or any cloth for the icons, or tray or anything like that, we anathematize them following the canon of the Holy Apostles' Formally, să veri is created analogically to săva (să followed by the third person, va, from the paradigm of a vrea 'to want'), which occurs more frequently as a disjunctive (Zamfir & Dinică, 2009).
In (9a), să veri is repeated as a part of a correlative, although there are vacillations regarding the spelling, while in (9b) it introduces only one element of the set (să veri măhramă 'either veil') and it is correlated to sau 'or' .

Formative element of the concessive conjunction
Să veri că 'although' , analogical to săva(i) că (discussed in Zamfir & Dinică, 2009), is attested, within the corpus we investigated, only in nt.1648: (10) a. Și pentru că nu le putea asămăna că le părea că grăiaște împrotivâ ūna alțïia ĭarâ ēi lepăda cartea luĭ Ĭacov din cărțile sfinte.Să veri cằ bine să tocmescă numaĭ să socotiți bine, că nu grăesc amăndoi di ūn feal de credințâ și de ūn feal de îndereptătură.(nt.1648, 174 r ) 'And because they could not consider them alike, being under the impression that these books were one against the another, they rejected the book of Jacob from the holy books.The number of occurrences of să veri că in old Romanian is not significant, but this connective created analogically is highly relevant for the multiple functions of veri in old texts.

Marker in the structure of indefinite pronouns
The evolution of some forms in the paradigm of the verb a vrea 'to want' to disjunctive-concessive conjunctions and indefinite markers is typologically identifiable (Haspelmath, 1997) In the specific pattern in which the disjunctive correlative veri occurs to enumerate the instances of reifying the general term (zestrele jupânesei 'the dowries of the lady' in example 11) and its instances of actualization (sat 'village' , țigani 'gypsies' , dobitoc 'animal'), the last element is a relative clause (ce va avea Radul logofătul).
In this type of structures, the connective is attached to the relative element as a marker and produces series of indefinite pronouns that will occur independently of the primary, disjunctive contexts they arouse from.The texts offer many contexts where the indefinite marker exhibits relative fusion in various stages: (12) a.The example (12), which presents a morphological instance in-between a verb, a disjunctive conjunction and an indefinite marker, is relevant for the incomplete fusion, for the incomplete grammaticalization process, and for the multiple functions of veri.
.2sg fortune your and give.imp.2sgpoor.def.pl.dat 'If you want to be faultless, go and sell your wealth and donate to the poor.' f.Doamne, să veri, all the bondsmen in the village ... anyone wherever is gone ... either in a lordly village, or in a manorial village, or in a monastic village, or in a free village, or in a town' subj neg eat.subj.1pl'if a brother of yours is either a fornicator, or an usurer, or one who has sold himself to the devil, or a spiteful denouncer,[...]do not stay at dinner with any of them' c.
who shall be 30 years of age, either with heirs, or without heirs, that one shall not receive the Eucharist'The corpus of old Romanian texts displays a few occurrences of disjunctive să veri 'either' (written either with or without a blank space between the elements să and veri): Although they are well matched only if you consider them carefully, because they don't speak about the same kind of faith and about the same kind of atonement.'b. cum s-au ferit și ēl de n-au luat platâ, să ver că-ĭ ēra slobod (nt.1648, 223 r ) 'how he also took care and didn't accept the pay, although it was allowed to him' c.Ĭarâ deaca veniiu în Trōada a propovedui Evangheliia luĭ Hristos, să ver că-mī ēra mie poarta deșchisâ pren Domnul, nu avuiu răpao sufletuluĭ mieu.(nt.1648, 241 v ) 'and when I came to Troas to preach Christ's gospel, although the gate was open in front of me by God, I could not get the rest of my soul.' . In Romanian, the available old texts do not preserve traces of the grammaticalization process, which had already been accomplished at the moment of the oldest Romanian texts, but examples like (11) instantiate a possible path of use from disjunctive correlative connective to indefinite marker: (11) nici un datornic, veri turcu, veri neguțătoriu, verice feliu de om va fi, nimenilea treabă cu Radul logofătul să n-aibă, nice cu zestrele jupînesei lui, veri sat, veri țigani, veri dobitoc, veri ce va avea Radul logofătul (drh,b.1636,XXV, 470) 'no creditor, either Turk, or merchant, or whatever kind of man should be, nobody should bother either Radu the Chancellor, or his lady's dowry, either village, or gypsies, or animals, or whatever Radu the Chancellor might own'

pres.2sg.how cl
with what cl.refl.accshallfeed 'to be allowed to take tithe from the whole land of the monastery and from the fields, and from everybody who gets his sustenance from the land of the monastery, no matter what it is' c. am vîndut 3 pogoane de țelină au aux.perf.1sgsell.pple3 acres of land either la Gruiu, au la Sperlea, veri unde le to Gruiu or to Sperlea want.pres.2sgwherecl.dat.3plvaplăcea dumnealor (drh,b.1646,XXXI,273) shall likethey.dat'I sold 3 acres of land either to Gruiu, or to Sperlea, wherever they will choose to have them' .refl.acc shall choose 'the vineyards from Copăcel with the bondsmen and all the income, however it will be' e. partea de moșie a tătîne-nostru vericîtă XXV, 93) cl.refl.accshall be in village 'the part of land that belongs to our father, however it were inside the village' f. carii deîntru feciorii noștri, au deîntru rudeniile nostre, our sons or among our relatives, or any other family will dare at any time to break this agreement' g. de să vor și ridica vericînd (drh,b.1645,XXX, 323) if cl.refl.accshall too raise want.pres.2sg.when'even if they raise at any moment'