Morphosyntactic features of the indefinite tot in old Romanian

This article establishes and discusses a series of morphosyntactic features of the indefinite tot ‘whole, all’ in old Romanian, relating them to modern Romanian: forms that disappeared from the language, a wider variety of singular and plural genitive-dative markers (synthetic, analytic and mixed), the more permissive word order and the possibility to occur in a structure with an undetermined noun. The description of the grammatical characteristics of the quantifier tot highlights a great variation: (i) between the synthetic, analytic and mixed realization of the genitive-dative case (toatei all.F.SG.GEN≡DAT ‘of/to the whole’ + genitive-dative noun, a/la/de toată A/LA/DE all.F.SG.NOM≡ACC ‘of/to the whole’ + nominative-accusative noun, a toată A all.F.SG.NOM≡ACC ‘of/to the whole’ + genitive-dative noun); (ii) between the (pronominal and adjectival) form with the final particle –a and the one without –a (tuturor, tuturora ‘of all / to all’; tuturor oamenilor ‘of/to all the people’, tuturora fraților ‘of/to all the brothers’); (iii) between the postposition and anteposition of tot relative to certain pronouns (ei toți, toți ei ‘all of them’); (iv) between structures with a determined and an undetermined noun (toate zilele, toate zile ‘all the days’). The comparison with the modern language shows that, in some cases, this variation has been eliminated, and in other cases, it is preserved.


Introduction
In old Romanian (the 16 th to 18 th century), the indefinite pronoun and pronominal adjective tot 'whole, all' , with the function of universal quantifier, has a series of morphological and syntactic characteristics, of which the most important ones will be discussed in this study.
The contexts extracted from the old Romanian corpus illustrate the globalizing value of the universal quantifier tot (1a), as well as its distributive value, which occurs when the structure contains a singular noun with generic use, synonymous with fiecare 'each' (1b) (see Giurgea, 2013, p. 169;Stan, 2016b, p. 352 for the value of distributive universal quantifier of tot in prenominal position).
( 'all the Christians, be they sinners or righteous men, have their angel judging them'

Morphological characteristics of the pronoun and pronominal adjective tot
Just like in modern Romanian, the indefinite tot has different gender and number forms: tot m.sg, toată f.sg, toți m.pl, toate f.pl.The-partial-differences with modern Romanian arise in the marking of oblique cases, only in the singular, because the plural genitive-dative form does not undergo changes in the two periods of the language: tuturor(a).While in modern Romanian tot does not mark the genitivedative inflectionally, in old Romanian, when used as an adjective, it has the feminine form toatei (2a-e), attested, at the end of the 17 th and the beginning of the 18 th century (Pană Dindelegan, 2013, p. 166-167), in original and translated texts 1 .
(3) a.  Prav.1646, 115) and not of all.m.sg.gen all 'The separation of the spouses when it is done for these faults (…) it is understood that it should be only for a period of time, not forever' The analytic marking of the singular genitive-dative in NPs featuring the quantifier tot in anteposition is more frequent -and is attested in the earliest texts.In these contexts, the following case markers occur: the preposition a (most often) (4a-g) and la for the genitive and the dative (4h-i), and de for the genitive (4j); tot has a nominative-accusative form.In many texts, such as ph.1500-10, dî, cc 1 .1567,mc.1620,  șt.1644, svi~1670, the feminine singular genitive-dative of tot is marked exclusively analytically.In other texts, the form toatei is either numerically inferior to the prepositional realization of the genitive-dative case (for example, in bvs.1763, toatei has 27,59% of the total of attestations and a/la/de toată, 72,41%), or absent, or, on the contrary, the only variant used (in CDicț.1691-7,only the prepositional construction occurs, not also toatei; however, in fn.1693-704, toatei has eight occurrences, while the prepositional construction is absent, and in cist.1700-50,toatei has two occurrences and the prepositional construction has no attestations).( 4 As far as the plural genitive-dative is concerned, in old Romanian, just like in modern Romanian, the synthetic (pronominal or adjectival) form is used, with the ending -or (5a-c).
( The synthetic plural genitive-dative form (just like the singular genitive-dative form) is in competition with the construction with the preposition a (6a-d), or, more rarely, la (6e) or de (for the genitive) (6f ), followed by tot (and the noun) in the nominative-accusative.The plural genitive-dative pronominal form includes, though not obligatorily, the final particle -a, like in the modern language [compare (7a-b) with (8a-d)].In many texts, the pronominal forms with and without final -a coexist (dî, cc 1 .1567,mc.1620, svi~1670, DPar.1683, clm.1700-50, bvs.1763); more rarely, a single form is used (for example, in ph.1500-10, șt.1644, and Prav.1780,only tuturor occurs, used as a pronoun and as an adjective).( 7 However, the plural genitive-dative adjectival form has a different behaviour than in modern Romanian (which does not accept the final particle -a: *tuturora copiilor 'of/to all the children').In old Romanian texts, it is attested without -a (9a-b), as well as with -a (10a-d).In some texts in the corpus, only the adjectival tuturor occurs (dî, ph.1500-10, mc.1620, șt.1644, DPar.1683, Prav.1780), and in others, tuturor, as well as tuturora, are attested as adjectives (cc 1 .1567,po.1582, nt.1648, svi~1670, bvs.1763)In modern Romanian, the particle -a marks the absence of the noun with a definite determiner and distinguishes the indefinite plural genitive-dative pronoun tot from the indefinite adjective.The reference of the empty nominal head implied by the pronoun tuturora can be retrieved, both in modern and old Romanian, by its relation with an antecedent (11a) or, when it is not in relation with an antecedent, it receives a generic interpretation (11b) (see Giurgea, 2010, p. 169-171 for the analysis of the empty nominal head as pro-N and for its possible readings).( 11 'God is the true sun, as it is written that the glitter of his sweetness shines to everyone in the same way' The structures containing an adjectival form with the particle -a and a noun with a definite determiner show that, in old Romanian, the occurrence of the final particle -a does not necessarily imply the ellipsis of N (a pro-N).Also, in other old Romanian structures, such as the ones with the indefinite fiecare 'each' (12a) or with the relative care 'which' (12b), the adjectival genitive-dative form can take the final -a (just like the pronominal form), differently from modern Romanian.( 12 When tot is the first element of the nominal phrase, the singular and plural genitive-dative marking can also be mixed, with the preposition a and the genitive-dative inflection attached to the nominal stem (13a-g) 5 .In such structures, that have been eliminated, case is expressed redundantly, on both elements of the nominal phrase.The double expression of case is possible in old Romanian in other structures as well, such as those in which the article marks case on more elements of the phrase (14) (Stan, 2016a, p. 291-292)

Syntactic characteristics of the indefinite tot
As far as the syntactic behaviour of the indefinite tot is concerned, there is to note both similarities with the modern language and oscillations and distinctive features of old Romanian.

The word order of the indefinite tot
Just like in modern Romanian, the indefinite tot can occur both anteposed (15a), and postposed to the nominal phrase (15b-c) (for the possibility of movement of the quantifier tot, analysed as 'floating' or 'external' , see Stan, 2015, p. 599;Nicolae, 2016, p. 152) In old Romanian, the word order of tot is more permissive, as the quantifier can move to positions that it does not accept any longer, as in examples (16a-e), where tot is anteposed (16a-d) or postposed to pronouns (16e).In this type of structure, the word order encountered is more frequently similar to that of modern Romanian (17a-c).( 16 ) those.dat who be.imperf.3plwith him 'Jacob said to his family and to all those that were with him' An explanation for the different word order of tot in relation to certain pronouns as compared to modern Romanian can be the influence of the original text (for instance, as Stan, 2016b, p. 352 shows referring to example (16a), the position of the quantifier tot can be analysed as copying the word order of Slavonic).
Tot has lost its ability to occur after the alternative form alt, both in a nominal phrase with an overt head noun (18a), and in one with nominal ellipsis (18b-c).In modern Romanian, only phrases with toate and the indefinite alte taking a so-called 'definite article' are possible (toate altele) 7 .( 18

Determination/non-determination of the noun in structures with tot
Just like in modern Romanian, in old Romanian, the quantifier tot selects a noun-singular or pluralwith a definite determiner, that is with an enclitic definite article (19a-b) or with another definite determiner (19c-e).This condition is not systematically obeyed in old Romanian, as tot can also select an undetermined noun (20a-p).( 19 22b), the non-determination of the noun that is postposed to tot is attested both in original and in translated texts.In order to explain the undetermined forms in the construction with tot, more frequent in the 16 th century, the influence of foreign models must be considered (see Stan, 2015, p. 600 and the bibliography therein).For example, the absence of the article in Slavonic is relevant for a series of texts in which the noun accompanied by tot does not take the article.
The typological and diachronic analysis of the distribution of the quantifier tot in relation to the definite determiner made by Stan (2015) shows that Romanian has eliminated the pattern tot + undetermined noun, attested in other old Romance idioms as well.
The undetermined nominal structures in old Romanian can be referential-occupying argumental positions or occuring as complements of prepositions9 -, as well as non-referential (see Stan, 2015, p. 600 for the referential and non-referential reading of structures with tot + undetermined noun).The (non-) determination of the noun in structures with tot does not depend on the distinction generic (23a) vs. non-generic (referential) (23b).( 23

Conclusions
The morphosyntactic characteristics mentioned in this article-illustrated both by original and translated texts-stand as evidence for the great variation in the behaviour of the indefinite tot in old Romanian, which has steadily decreased up to modern Romanian, being preserved in some contexts and being eliminated in other situations.
At the morphological level, the variation regards, on the one hand, the types of oblique case marking for the singular, which are at the same time synthetic, analytic and mixed (toatei + genitive-dative noun, a/la/de toată + nominative-accusative noun, a toată + noun in the genitive-dative) and for the plural (tuturor(a), a/la/de toți/toate + noun with a nominative-accusative form, a toți/toate + noun in the genitivedative), and, on the other hand, the inconsistent occurrence of the final particle -a in the structure of the plural genitive-dative form.In modern Romanian, the variation in the genitive-dative marking is limited to the plural forms tuturor(a) all.pl.gen"dat vs. a/la toți/toate a/la all.m.pl/all.f.pl, and the formal variation ˘particle -a is only preserved in the case of the pronoun (the adjective excludes the particle -a).

(
XXXIV) să subj cl.acc.1sgransom.subj.3plfrom captivity.acc'the honourable emperor and all his council and all his people and all the Christian princes should see to my need, all of them should buy my freedom' ˚Email address: isabela.nedelcu@yahoo.com.
Their whole bodies, with all their flesh and skin, as if they had been dead and dry for about a month, palms, nails, ears, nose, all of them complete, not broken down' .
.inf see.inf army.def.nomenemy.gen'he set camp on the slope of a hill that his people had conquered before, from whose top, sending his guards, he could spot and see the army of his enemy' . .sg.def.dat and most.sacred.m.sg.def.datfather.def.datnostru arhiepiscop (drh,b.1653,14, apud Stan, 2016a, p. 291) our archbishop 'to our honoured and most sacred archbishop' .
.f.sg time.def.accand in all.f.pl days.acc'the Holy Church that interfered all the time, every day' k.Spăla-voiu în toate nopți patul wash.inf=aux.fut.1sg in all.f.pl nights.accbed.def.They refused all the bodily comfort and rest till the end' Oscillations in articulation also occur when the structure includes a numeric quantifier (22a-b), a context in which modern Romanian has only preserved the possibility for a determined noun to be preceded by the quantifier [as in (22a)].